Umzekelo omulhe wase Haiti: ngeminyaka engamakhulu anambini wokuzimela kwaseHaiti

Umzekelo omulhe wase Haiti: ngeminyaka engamakhulu anambini wokuzimela kwaseHaiti

Umbhali ngu: Peter Hallward (2004)
Umtoliki ngu: Bulelwa Mafu (2010)

Kwiminyaka engamakhulu anambini eyadlulayo kule nyanga (ka Januari 2004), ikoloni yamaFransi yase Saint-Domingue kwisiqiti sase Hispaniola yabalilizwe elizimele lase Haiti. Zimbalwa iinguquko ngokwembali yehlabathi zathi zabaluleka, zadinga ukuzinikela okanye zanikeza ithemba elingaka. Futhi ezinguquko zaliyalityalwa ngabo babecinga ukuba imbali ifikelele esiphelweni njengo qhanqalazo lwe soshelizimu, nokuziphatha kwelilizwe, nokuziphatha kwamanye amazwe akhulayo.

Kwinguquko ezintathu ezibalulekileyo ezadlulalayo nge kwisikhathi seminyaka eyishumi enesishiyagalombili- emelika, eFransi, naseHaiti- eyaseHaiti hiyo eyabangumzekelo kwezinye, ngoba yayijongene namalungelo wabo bonke abantu ehlabathini liphela, into eyayingaqelekanga ngezomini. Kwezinguquko zonke eyaseHaiti yayiyeyona engumzekelo omuhle koza zonke.

Esisiqithi sasilawulwa lilizwe lase Fransi, kodwa nge1780’s iSaint-Domingue yabayeyona koloni enengeniso ngexa yokunyuka kwezinga lomnotho yalo. uPaul Farmer wathi, ‘iSaint Domigue – eyayiphantse yalingana ne lizwe laseMaryland eMelika namhlanje- yayinomnotho owayesodlula amakoloni aseNorth Amerika. Ngexesha leFrench Revolution yabalelona lizwe livelisa ikofu, futhi i 75% yeswekile yayifumaneka kwelilizwe, kodwa lonke oluphuhliso lalungenxa yolawulo lobuhlanga, olweza ne ‘plantation economy’, ngokutsho, eyayisuka kwimpatho kabi yabantu abantsundu ngokwamakhoboka. Babebaninzi abantu ababesifa kulempatho yobukhoboka. Ngo 1789 uEric Williams wathi esisixeko sasingathi sisihogo.

Ukwanda kwabantu kwazisa ubunzima kule koloni. Amandla okuphatha ohluwa phakathi kwamabandla amathathu aphikisanayo-abamhlophe,amaFransi, iiMuluttos nabo babengamakhoboka abakhethiweyo. Kodwa ngexesha leFrench Revolution kwabakho impikiswano phakathi kwababaphathi, kwathi ngenyanga yomga ngonyaka ka 1791 xa amakhoboka ezama ukuzilwela abaphathi bohluleka. Kwathunyelwa umkomishina wamaFrentshi, uSonthonax, uba azokumisa uzinzo, kodwa wadibana nembila zithutha kuba abalimi abamhlophe baseFransi babeqhanqalazela kwaye befuna namalungelo eMulattos arhoxiswe. USonthonax wazama ukuthomalalisa olu dushe ngokuba anike umkhosi wamakhoboka inkululeko esisigxina. Ekuhambeni kweminyaka umkhosi wamakhoboka wakhokelwa ngu Toussaint L’Ouverture wahamba wayilawula le koloni. uToussaint waboyisa abalimi abamhlope, amaSpanish, amaBritani, nentshaba zakhe imulatto’s. Ekuhambeni kwemiyaka wabangumlawuli wase SaintDomingue. Ngo 1801 kuba uToussaint wayengafuni kuphulukana neFransi wazinikela ukuba abelibanjwa kuba uNapoleon wayefuna makuhlale iyikoloni yobukhoboka. Umkhosi ka Napoleon waphumelela eGuadeloupe kodwa woyisakala eSaint Domingue. Ade akutshwa onke amaFrentshi kwelilizwe ngo 1803.

Ungazibuza ukuba kutheni umlando waseHaiti ubalulekile nje? iHaiti lelona lizwe elihluphekileyo empumalanga, kwaye alizange liphumelele kwezoqoqoshe, laziwa njenge xoba lesifo sikagawulayo. Khutheni ke sinomdla kwezi nguqu ezathi zadala elilizwe? Nazi izizathu.

1. Inkululeko yase Haiti lixesha elibalulekileyo kwi mbali yehlabathi lonke, ngoba kulapha ngo1789 apho inkululeko kwaye nokulingana kwamalungelo wabantu bonke avavanywa ngokwenene. Inguquko yaseFransi yaqalisa apho iFrench Revolution yaphela khona: phambili kokuba uNapolean avelise ubukhoboka entshonalanga eHispaniola, uToussaint wabuphelisa empumalanga. Kwaye izizathu ezazinikezwe ngmaFrench zokuxhasa ubukhoboka zisibonisa ukuba izinto azikatshitshintshi elizweni, ikakumbi kwimpatho yabasebenzi emhlabeni jikelele. uPierre Victor Malouet, xa wayethetha kwicala labalimi ngo1791 wayeyazi ukuba uxhaswa kwamalungelo wabantu emhlabeni jikelele kwa kungazuhambelana nobukhoboka.

2. Impumelelo yokuba iHaiti ifumane umaziphate isikhumbuza ukuba ingcali zezopolitiko azazi konke ngoba inguquko yaseHaiti yayingalindelekanga ngelaxesha yenzeka ngalo. Ababukeli bothuswa ngulo maziphathe. Ngokujonga kuka Robin Blackburn, amajoni ka Toussaint ngawo athi ohlula ubuhlanga kwelelilizwe. Ukufumana kwe Haiti inkululeko kuko okwathi kwabonisa indlela kwimibutho yenkululeko yase Afrika nase Latin Amerika. iHaiti yaxasa u Simone Bolivore kwimizamo yakhe ngokuchasana ne Spain. Inkululeko yaseHaiti, yabangumzekelo kwi Cuba, iJamaica, iBrazil, neMelika, kwaye ne Afrika iphelele ekulweni ucalucalulo nobuhlanga.

3. Inguqu yase Haiti yiyo ebonise ukuba ilizwe ngalinye lifanele ukuba lizihlole ngokwembali yalo. Abangafuni ukuyisebenzela inkululeko abasoze bayibone. Icacile ngoku ukuba ayikho enye indlela ngapandle kokuzimela kwelilizwe okwakunokuphelisa ubuhlanga nobukhoboka. Yathatha uDessalines iiminyaka eliyishumi ukuqonda oku, oko kwakungafunwa ukwamkelwa ngu Toussaint. uToussaint wazama ukucenga iFransi ukuba igcine uqoqosho kwezolimo ngenjongo zokunceda abalimi abamhlope. . Lemizamo yenza ukuba angafumani nxaso kulomlo neFransi. Lonto yenza ukuba umntu owa lwela inkululeko yamakhoboka angakwazi ukuyigcina lenkululeko. Ukupheliswa kobuhlanga nobukhoboka kwakulindelekile, kwaye kwakungenakuvinjelwa ngunmtu. uSonthax yena kwafuneka eyamkele lenguquko ayayibangwe kungavisisani ngaphakathi kwabaphetheyo.

4. Noba indlela eya phambilii yayingasoloko icaclile, inkululeko yase Haiti yayi ngenakuvinjelwa ngumntu. Ngeminyaka elishumi nesishiyagalombili ekhululwini zazi xaphakile iintetho ezicasa ubukhoboka. uMontesquieu wabonisa ububi bokusebenzisa ezokhlo ukuxasa ubuhlanga, kwaye neEncyclopedia yalebula ukusebenziswa kwamakhoboka njengo lwaphulo-mthetho, Rosseau yena wayebona ubukhobokha njengempatho okweslwanyane. IGirondin Societe des Amis desNoirs yaxhasa inkululeko yamakhoboka elungiselelwe ngobulumko.

5. Inguquko yaseHaiti ibonisa ukuba inxaso yamanye amazwe ibalulekile.Inkululeko yelilizwe yabasisithonga kwabo babexasa ukuqhubekeka kobuhlanga. Nababhali base Haiti bebeqonda ukuthi ubuhlanga badalwa ngabantu abamhlophe kuze basebenzise abantu abanstundu ukuze bazuze ubutyebi. Ngoyaka ka 1805 umgaqo-siseko wokuqala wase Haiti waqala ngokuthi bonke abahlali base Haiti, noba sinjani isikhumba sakhe ungumntu omyama, nemulattos ezazi khangeleka mhlophe ngebala ngenxa yokudibana kwabanstundu nabamhlophe babevuyela ukuzibiza njengama Afrika. Kodwa ngoku eyona nto eyaphazamisa ukuzimela kwase Haiti emva kwenguquko yayibubuhlanga nokuzikhettha kwa maHaiti ngokwebala.

6. Inkululeko yaseHati isibonisa impumelelo yokuqala yamakhoboka. Imbangi yokuba babenempumelelo eHaiti yayingoba ayemaninzi amakhoboka kwesisiqithi, impatho kabi yamakhoboka, ungavisisani kwabaphetheyo, iimizekelo yemelika neFransi, kwaye nobunganga bobunkokheli buka Toussaint. Kodwa eyona mbangi yalenguquko yayi kungafuni kwabantu ukuba baphindele kulemeko.

7. Into yayisenza imbali yaseiHaiti yohluke kwamanye amazwe ekuqaleni ku Toussaint ukuya ku Dessalines naku Preval noAristide yayikumanywa kwabantu nobunkokheli obungqingqwa. Ingxoxo ezazifuna idemocrasi zazifuna ukuphelisa ulawulo lika Aristide ekungeneni kwakhe ekuphatheni. uDessline wavelisa itax eyangazange ithandwe kwizityebi, wathatha namanyathelo okuphelisa ubuhlanga,waaqubekeka ngokunikezela ngomhlaba kwabahlelelekileyo. Kanye kancinci emveni koko wathi wabulawa ngokwendlela yezobolitiko ngabachasi bakhe. Kulemihla indidi zobukhoboka ayisezizo ezo zazikho ngo1788 kodwa izinto azikatshintshi ngokuqgibeleleyo.