Umlando ngempilo nomzabalazo wabahlali basemijondolo eThekwini

Umlando ngempilo nomzabalazo wabahlali basemijondolo eThekwini.

Ngonyaka ka 1824 kwafika isigetshana sabamhlophe bazinza eThekwini, ngalesosikhathi iTheku lalisengaphansi kwesizwe sama Qwabe. Ngokusekwa uhulumeni wabamhlophe owawulawulwa ngokwemigomo yaseBrithani, basungula umasipala weTheku owabe ulandela inqubo yaseBrithani.

Ngeminyaka kusuka 1846 kuya ku 1848 abamhlophe baqinisa amatomu okucindezela abantu bendabuko kuleli. Lokhu kwavela ngenkathi bephucwa umhlaba kusetshenziswa imithetho eyahlukahlukene. Okwahlala obala ukuthi inhloso yalokhu kwabe kuwukukhubaza impilo engcono abantu ababeyiphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho abamhlophe babesungule izikhungo zokukhiqiza umnotho ngakho befuna abakuleli basebenze kubo ngenkokhelo ephansi.

Imizamo yabamhlophe yabonakalisa impumelelo kwazise basebebhukuqe namandla obukhosi bakwaZulu ngezimpi ezaziliwa kuthunyelwa namabutho empi yaseNgilandi. Nalapha futhi omningi umhlaba wasuka ezandleni zabantu bendabuko yakuleli waphathwa abamhlophe. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni iningi labantu lisondelele emadolobheni anjenge Theku ukuzofuna imisebenzi, kwazise indawo zokulima ukudlisa imfuyo zabe sezithathwe ngabamhlophe.

Ngonyaka ka 1901 kwabesekunabantu cishe abalinganiselwa ku 200 000 abasebehlala eThekwini. Ngenxa yokungabikho kwendawo eyabelwe abantu bendabuko kwaqala kwakhiwa amakhaya ayimijomdolo eThekwini. Yingakho kwaqala izindawo ezazaziwa ngoMkhumbane kanye nezinye. Ukwanda kwabantu bendabuko kwabasabisa abamhlophe ngokwazi amandla abanawo uma behlangene. Umasipala waphakamisa imithetho eyahlukene ukuvimbela ukwanda kwabantu; omunye wawo kwaba ukuthelela ikhanda okwaze kwaholela empini eyabe iholwa iNkosi uBhambatha kaMancinza.

Ngonyaka ka 1913 waphinda wagadla futhi uhulumeni ngokuphakamisa umthetho owawulawula ukuphathwa komhlaba (1913 Land Act), owaholela ekutheniizizgidi zabantu bendabuko baphucwe amalungelo okuba abanikazi bomhlaba. Ngenxa yalokhu sakhula kakhulu isibalo sabantu abahlala emadolobheni. Ukwanda kwabantu kwenza uhulumeni aphakamise omunye umthetho owawuvimbela ungena emadolobheni uma ungenawo umazisi nephepha elikugunyazayo ukuba ube sedolobheni (Pass Laws).

Eminye yemithetho kwabaukulawula ukudidiyelwa komqombothi okwabekuyindlela abesimame bakuleli ababeziphilisa ngayo edolobheni. Ngalesenzo uhulumeni wabe esegadlile kwimbokodo. Iqhawekazi elaziwa ngo Nkk Ngcamu kanye nabanye ababengu 4000 bagcwala imigwaqo yetheku bebhikisha belwisana nalomthetho. Umzabalazo wabo wesekwa kakhulu baze babamba iqhaza kukhukhulela ngoqo womhlangano wabasebenzi basezimbonini ababaziwa nge Industrial Commercial Workers Union (ICU). Ngeminyaka yo 1929 kwaba nemikhulu imibhikisho eyabe ilwisana nomthetho kahulumeni owawuphuca abesimame ilungelo lokudidiyela utshala besintu. Lokhu phela uhulumeni wayekwenza ngoba efuna utshwala buthengwe ematsheni (Beer Hall) ukuze inzuzo yakhona ingene kuye qobo uhulumeni.

Ukunganqobi kulomzabalazo kwaholela ekutheni iningi labesimame bakuleli basebenze emizini yabamhlophe bethola inzuzo encane. Nakuba kwabukeka sengathi banqotshiwe abesimame kulomzabalazo kodwa amandla abo avela sebebamba iqhaza elikhulu emizabalazweni yabasebenzi ngaphansi kwezinyunyana ezazimele abantu bendabuko. Lemizabalazo yabawuchungechunge yathelekela nakwamanye amadolobha amakhulu njenge Goli ne Kapa. Iningi labantu ababeyingxenye yalemizabalazo babehlala ezindaweni eziyimijondolo kwazise babengathathwa njengabantu abafanele ukuphila impilo esezingeni elamukelekile. Babeyizigqila zabamhlophe zokwakha umnotho.

Umthetho olawula imijondolo ka 1934 (1934, Slums Act)

Lomthetho waphakanyiswa ukuze uhulumeni abenendlela yokuphuca abantu bendabuko izindawo ababehlala kuzo. Imfundisoze eyayisetshenziswa ukuthi imijondolo yabe iyisidleke sezifo emphakathini, ngakho lokhu kwakungemukelekile eThekwini. Ubuqili obabenziwa bavezwa ucwaningo ukuthi izindawo zazabelwa osomabhizinisi ukuze bandise izimboni zokukhiqiza umnotho.

Ngonyaka ka 1950 uhulumeni waphakamisa umthetho wokuhlukanisa abantu ngobuhlanga nangebala i (Group Areas Act of 1950). Lomthetho wanika umasipala weTheku amandla okuchitha imijondolo. Indawo eyathinteka kakhulu la eThekwini kwaba iseMkhumbane. UMkhumbane kwabe kuyikhaya labantu abampofu ababesondelela lapho besebenza khona noma uma befuna imisebenzi. Kwakuhlala abantu bendabuko kanjalo nabaNdiya kanye nabaziwa ngamaKhaladi.

Ngo 1958 umasipala weTheku wadiliza uMkhumbane abantu bendabuko yakuleli wabayisa emalokishini KwaMashu nase Lamontville, abaseNdiya wabayisa koPhoenix nase Chatsworth kwathi amaKhaladi wawakhomba eWentworth nase Newlands. Miningi imibhikisho eyabakhona ukuphikisa lomthetho kwazekwangenelela umbutho wezokuvikela ukuphoqa abantu ukuthi baphume baphele eMkhumbane kanye nakwezinye izindawo ezaziyimijondolo.

Ngaphezu kwayoyonke lemizamo kamasipala nohulumeni ukukhipha abantu emadolobheni, kwacaca ukuthi isisindo somzabalazo sasingaphezu kokwenza ngoba ayizange iphele imijondolo kunalokho yanda kakhulu. Ngonyaka ka 1984 kwabikwa ukuthi babeyisigidi (1 million) abantu ababehlala emijondolo. Ngonyaka ka 1986 uhulumeni wawuqeda umthetho owawuvimba ungena eThekwini uma ungenawo umazisi.

Izingxoxo

Ngonyaka ka 1987 umasipala weTheku wavuma ukuthi imijondolo eyakhele iTheku izokwamukelwa njengesemthethweni futhi uzoyithuthukisa. Ngo 1991 inhlangangno ebizwa ngeUrban Foundation yanikwa lomsebenzi. E Claire Estate kwaqokwa imijondolo yaku Kennedy Rd (e Bhisasa) ukuthi ithuthukiswe. Kunamanje lokhu kubonakala ngezindlela eziphakathi kwemizi ezikhonkiwe kanye nezindlu zangasese.

Nakuba kwenziwa lezizinguquko kodwa umasipala awuzange ukuqinisekise ukuthi izinhlelo zakhe zokuthuthukisa imijondolo zizoba yingxenye yohlelo oludidiyele lokuthuthukiswa kweTheku. Ikakhulukazi ukunika imiphakathi ithuba lokuthi iveze imibono yayo ngentuthuko eyidingayo. Kunalokho kwamiswa uhlelo lokumeleleka emkhandlwini ngobukhona bamakhansela.

Umthetho olawula amazwe omhlaba

Amazwe omhlaba miningi imithetho avumelena ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu okuba nezindlu. Lokhu kumbandakanya izibopho ezaphakanyiswa ngukhomishana wamalungelo abantu ezingeni lezwekazi lase Afrika. Ohulumeni bazibophezela kulokhu:

* Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuba nendlu ebukekayo, ngokwesakhiwo nangendawo eyakhiwe kuyo,
* Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuba namanzi, indlu yangasese, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukuthuthwa kwendle, njalonjalo.
* Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuba nomhlaba othi yena angenakususwa kuwo noma ikanjani.
* Uma ukususwa kungenakuvimbeka abantu abanikwe enye indawo yokuhlala eyamukelekile.

Makuqinisekiswe ukuthi kuyakhulunyiswana nabantu kusanesikhathi baziswe ngezinhlelo ezinqunyiwe banikwe nethuba lokuthola usizo lwezomthetho. Akuzukwamukeleka ukususwa kwabantu ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esingesihle.

Umthetho wase Ningizimu Afrika

Isigaba 26(1) kanye no (2) kuMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika sithi:

1. Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuthola indlu esesimweni esamukelekile
2. Uhulumeni kumele enze konke okusemandleni akhe ngokomthetho nangezinye izindlela ukuphumelelisa lelilungelo

Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika waseka lomthetho ngokuphakamisa umthetho ovimbela ukususwa kwabantu ezindaweni nokuhlala endaweni ngokungekho emthethweni (The Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land (Act no 19 of 1998) ngamafushane i PIE .

Lomthetho uqondene nabantu abahlala ezindaweni ngaphandle kwemvume yomnikazi. Uphinde wenze kube yicala ukuthi umnikazi kungaba uhulumeni noma ngubani ukuxosha abantu ngaphandle kokugunyaziswa inkantolo. Lomthetho uyalela ukuthi:

Umuntu akanikwe amasonto amabili ngesaziso sokulalelwa kwesicelo sokuxoshwa endaweni

Abantu asebehlale ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kumele banikwe ezinye izindlu.

Izinkantolo zaseNingizimu Afrika azikungunyazi ukuxoshwa kwabantu uma kungekho hlelo lokunika abantu ezinye izindlu. Futhi azikugunyazi ukuxoshwa kwabantu uma bezoyiswa kude nalapho besebenzela khona noma kude nezikole.

Nakuba kunjalo omasipala bayabaxosha abantu ngaphandle kwesigunyaziso senkantolo. Lezizenzo ziphambene nomthetho futhi zingubugebengu. Uma abantu abahlala emijondolo belwisana nalezenzo ngokusizwa abameli izinkantolo ziyaye zikuvimbe ukuxoshwa kwabantu futhi ziphoqe omasipala ukuthi bakhe lezozindlu abazidilizile. Ubunzima obubhekana nabantu basemijondolo ukuthi akuvamile ukuthola abameli abalekelela ngaphandle kokufuna inkokhelo, noma babe ngasohlangothini lwabantu abampofu.

Umthetho olwa nokwakhiwa kwemijondolo (Slums Act of 2006)

Lomthetho washawa uhulumeni wesifunda sakwaZulu Natal ngonyaka ka 2006. Ziningi izinkomba eziveza ukufana phakathi kwalomthetho kanye nomthetho wango 1934 nowalandela wango 1954 eyayigunyaza ukudilizwa kemijondolo. I Slums Act siphakamisa ukuthi inkinga ukubakhona kwemijondolo, awubheki ukungabikho kwezindlu kuyiko okuyinkinga esemqoka. Imijondolo iyisisombululo sokuba nekhaya labantu abampofu. Emijondolo kuhlala abantu abadinga ukulekelelwa, akusiyo nje inkinga edinga ukudilizwa. Isisombululo ekuxazululeni ukwanda kwemijondolo ukuthi abantu babe nomhlaba bakhelwe izindlu. Ukudiliza izindlu zabo basale bengenamakhaya akusiso isisombululo.

Umthetho i Slums Act uhlongoza:

* Ukwenza kube ubugebengu ukuhlala endaweni ngaphandle kwemvume yomnikazi,
* Ukuthatha izinhlangano zabahlali basemijondolo njengezigebengu,
* Ukuphoqa omasipala nabanini bemihlaba ukuthi baxoshe abantu ezindaweni zabo
* Uphoqa omasipala ukuthi bakhe izinkambu zesikhashana lapho kuzohlala abantu abaxoshiwe.

Emazweni amaningi njenge Zimbabwe nezwe lase India, abahlali basemijondolo bayahlukunyezwa ngenxa yalezizathu:

* Ohulumeni bafuna umhlaba uphathwe abantu abayizicebi,
* Abantu abayizicebi abafuni ukuhlala eduze kwabantu abampofu,
* Ohulumeni bamazwe bayasaba ukuthi abahlali basemijondolo bangaphenduka izigayigayi zepolitiki.

Bakhona abanye ohulumeni abasebenzisanayo nabantu basemijondolo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umhlaba osesimeni esihle unikwa abantu abampofu. Lamazwe yi Brazil kanye ne Filipini. Imithetho yakhona yenze omasipalal babeke izimpilo zabantu ngaphambi kwenzuzo.

Inqubo-mgomo

Ohulumeni banezindlela ezine abangazilandela ukubhekana nesimo semijondolo:

* Ukudiliza imijondolo abantu basale dengwane (iZimbabwe)
* Ukuthutha abantu bayiswe kude nedolobha (iNingizimu Afrika)
* Ukuthutha abantu bayiswe ezindlini ezingagculisi (iNingizimu Afrika)
* Ukuthuthukisa lapho abantu behlala khona ngokuxoxisana nabantu (Brazil ne Filipini) kumbe zonke izinhlelo zenziwe uhulumeni ngale kokubambisana nabantu (iNingizimu Afrika)

Emhlabeni wonke kuyavunyelwana ngokuthi ukususwa kwababtu ezindaweni nokudilizwa kwemizi yabo kubenza babempofu ngokudlulele

Uhlelo Lomxhaso Kahulumeni

Ethathela emazweni amanye, uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika naye unika uxhaso lwezindlu kumuntu oneminyaka engu 21 kuya phezulu. Nakuba lokhu kwamukeleka kodwa indlela okusetshenziswa ngayo isenobandlululo. Uhulumeni kanye nomasipala bathenga izindawo ezikude nedolobha bese bakha izindlu. Lokhu kwenza abantu abampofu babe kude nedolobha ukuze lisale lifa yifa lezicebi. Yingakho imibutho yabahlali basemjondolo iphikisana nezinhlelo zokwakhiwa kwezindlu ezinjengo, Parkgate e Verulam nase France e Mgungundlovu.

Okungubunzima obukhulu ukuthi uhulumeni uthakasela inani lezindlu esezakhiwe kunokuthakasela izimpilo zabantu esezenziwe ngcono. Lokhu kuholela ekuthini kungabikho sizo uhulumeni alunika abantu abahlala emjondolo. Mihla namalanga bashiswa imililo, izikhukhula, ukungabikho kwamanzi kanye nezindlu zangasese. Ukungathuthwa kwemfucuza kubangela izifo namagundune.

Uhlelo oluyingqopha mlando (Breaking New Ground, April 2005)

Lohlelo lwethulwa ukuze lusombulule ezinye zenkinga ezibangelwa uhlelo lomxhaso wezindlu. Luhlukile kunezinye ngalokhu:

* Imali yabiwa ngokwemiphakathi ayinikwa umndeni ngayodwa
* Luyakweseka ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu lapho behlala khona
* Luphakamisa ukuthi intuthuko ayihlelwe nemiphakathi ethintekayo
* Lunika uhulumeni imali yoikuthenga umhlaba okulungele ukusetshenziswa
* Lunika uhulumeni igunya lokudla umhlaba olungele ukuthuthukisa imiphakathi entulayo
* Lunesabelo zimali sokulungisa umhlaba ukuze ukwazi ukwakhiwa izindlu

Loluhlelo alukaze lusetshenziswe eThekwini kodwa umkhandlu ukuqinisekisile ukuthi uzothuthukisa imiphakathi emibili eyakhe emijondolo. Nakuba okubunakalayo ukuthi umasipala umagange ekuchitheni imijondolo ngaphezu kokwakha izindlu ngendlela efiswa imiphakathi.

Amalungelo Ezindlu eThekwini

Umasipala weTheku usuwakhe izindlu eziningi kunabanye omasipala. Uyakuphika ukuthi ususa abantu ezindaweni abahlala kuzo nokuthi ayakho imijondolo ayidiliza ngokungenasidingo. Uthi abantu bazisukela bona ngoba sebekhathele ukuhlala emijondolo baye emizini yomxhaso. Iqiniso ukuthi:

* Ukuziqhayisa ngobuningi bezindlu ezakhiwe akwenzi mehluko uma izimpilo zabantu zingathuthukiswa. Nohulumeni wobandlululo wakha amalokishi kodwa wawubusa ngengcindezelo
* Ukuthuthukisa abantu lapho behlala khona kudinga ukuthi bona abantu babe yingxenye yokuhlela indlela abafuna ukuphila ngayo.
* Ukuxoshwa kwabantu banikwe izindlu ezikude nedolobha kubenza bahlupheke kakhulu
* Abantu abaningi baya kulezindawo ezikude ngoba besaba ukuthi uma bengayi amakhaya abo azodilizwa bese besala dengwane. Lokhu kuxoshwa nokususwa kuhambisana nenkohlakalo yokugwaza futhi nikungahambisani nomthetho.
* Ukuxoshwa kuhlakaza ubumbano emphakathini njengoba abantu beyiswa ezindaweni ezahlukene.
* Umasipala awunalungelo lokudiliza imijondolo ngaphandle kwegunya lenkantolo, uma wenza lokhu uphula umthetho. Nezindlu azakhayo zincane kuhlaliswa umndeni wonke kusukela kugogo kuya kumzali nakumzukulu.
* Umasipala uthi uzoqeda imijondolo ngonyaka ka 2014. Izinkomba ezibonakalayo ukuthi lokhu ngeke kwenzeke ngoba akakwazi ukwakha izindlu ezanele abantu abadinga izindlu. Umkhandlu uthatha imijondolo njengezakhiwo zesikhashana yingakho enqaba ukufaka ingqalasizinda, njengamanzi, ugesi, izindlu zangasese, imigwaqo, izinkulisa amahholo, njalonjalo. Lokhu kufaka ingcindezi emiphakathini njengoba abantu bebulawa izifo nemililo.

Izincomo

* Umasipala kumele ayeke ubugebengu nenkohlakalo yokuxosha abantu nokudiliza amakhaya abo asemijondolo. Kumele azibophezele ekwenzeni iTheku libe yidolobha elingaxoshi muntu lapho wonke umuntu emukeleke khona.
* Kumele kuphuthunyiswe ukufakwa kwengqalasizinda ngenkathi abantu besalinde ukwakhelwa izindlu
* Kumele kwakhiwe isigungu esizophenya ngenkohlakalo eyenziwa wumnyango wezezindlu
* Umasipala kumele uxoxisane nabaholi bemiphakathi eyakhe emijondolo ungagcini nje ngokukhulumisana namakhansela. Ongoti nabacwaningi kumele bethule imibiko kumasipala kanye nasemiphakathini
* Umasipala kumele ubize ingqungquthela ndodaba lwezindlu ezothanyelwa izinhlangano ezikhethwe ngokwentando yeningi ezilwela amalungelo abahlali basemijondolo, ukuzokwakha izinhlelo zentuthuko
* Kumele kubekhona umthetho ophoqa umasipala ukuthi enze ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kulandelwe ngokwezidingo zabantu kungabi nje ukulandela inzuzo
* Isabelo zimali sokwakhiwa kwezindlu kumele sibe amaphesenti ayishumi (10%) kwisabelo sikazwelonke
* Izicebi kumele zikhokhe intela ngezindawo zazo ukuze kwande isabelo sokuxhasa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zabantu abantulayo
* Izindlu makube eziqinile futhi zibe sesimweni esigculisayo, zibe nkulu ngokuvumelana nemiphakathi entulayo. Kwakhiwe nezindlu zabantu abafuna ukuqasha abeze ngokuzoosebenza eThekwini
* Makuqinisekiswe ukuthi iTheku ikhaya labobonke abantu kungabi izicebi kuphela ezihlala eThekwini.